Month: February 2018

Science and Technology to learn

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This Documentary movie got first prize in Documentary movie making competition in session 2010-2011organized in Sophia Convent School, Kalka. Abhishek Bindal, Rahul Vashisht, Rajat Gupta & Sahil Verma have done a wonderful work to complete this movie making project. Basic Software used in this project is Windows movie maker. These students made me very proud.

How do antidepressants actually work?

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A recent article by Deborah Orr regarding her experiences with antidepressants sparked a lot of debate as to their merits and drawbacks. The truth is, they’re not as simple or as understood as many might think

Doctors Warn That Anti-Depressants Can Lead To SuicideAnti-depressant pills named Fluoxetine are shown March 23, 2004 photographed in Miami, Florida. The Food and Drug Administration asked makers of popular antidepressants to add or strengthen suicide-related warnings on their labels as well as the possibility of worsening depression especially at the beginning of treatment or when the doses are increased or decreased. (Photo Illustration by Joe Raedle/Getty Images)
 Very common, but that doesn’t mean they’re perfectly understood. Photograph: Joe Raedle/Getty Images

Antidepressants; the go-to treatment for depression, or generalised anxiety. It’s incredible when you think about it, the fact that you can have a debilitating mood disorder, take a few pills, and feel better. It’s unbelievable that medical science has progressed so far that we now fully understand how the human brain produces moods and other emotions, so can manipulate them with designer drugs.

That’s right, it is unbelievable. Because it isn’t the case. The fact that antidepressants are now so common is something of a mixed blessing. On one hand, anything that helps reduce stigma and lets those afflicted know they aren’t alone can only be helpful. Depression is incredibly common, so this awareness can literally save many lives.

On the other hand, familiarity does not automatically mean understanding. Nearly everyone has a smartphone these days, but how many people, if pushed, could construct a touchscreen? Not many, I’d wager. And so it is with depression and antidepressants. For all the coverage and opinion pieces produced about them, the details around how they work remain somewhat murky and elusive.

Actually, in the case of antidepressants, it’s more a question of why they work, rather than how. Most antidepressants, from the earliest Trycyclics and Monamine Oxidase inhibitors, to the ubiquitous modern day selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), work by increasing the levels of specific neurotransmitters in the brain, usually by preventing them from being broken down and reabsorbed into the neurons, meaning they linger in the synapses longer, causing more activity, so “compensating” for the reduced overall levels. Antidepressants make the remaining neurotransmitters work twice as hard, so overall activity is more “normal”, so to speak.

But knowing that antidepressants do this doesn’t actually explain how they end up alleviating depression. In a way, neurotransmitters are to the brain what the alphabet is to language; the basic elements of much richer, more complex contructs. So, boosting neurotransmitter levels throughout the brain doesn’t really tell us anything specific. It’s like having to restore a classic painting and being told it “needs more green”; that may be true, but where? How much? What shade? It’s too unspecific to tell us anything useful.

Depression is so poorly understood that most people illustrate it with someone holding their head in their hands, as a trawl through any image archive will reveal. It doesn’t make your brain heavier or anything.
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 Depression is so poorly understood that most people illustrate it with someone holding their head in their hands, as a trawl through any image archive will reveal. It doesn’t make your brain heavier or anything. Photograph: Nastia11/Getty Images/iStockphoto

The truth is, antidepressants were discovered largely by accident; Swiss scientists looking for treatments for schizophrenia in the 1950s realised a certain experimental substance caused euphoria in their subjects. And lo, antidepressants were born. Nothing unusual here, luck and serendipity are behind the discoveries of many drugs. But this led to the monoamine theory of depression, which argues that, because most antidepressants increase levels of neurotransmitters of the monoamine class, depression is caused by depletion of monoamines in the brain.

Except, the monoamine hypothesis is increasingly seen as insufficient. It’s part of what’s going on, sure, but not the whole story. For one, antidepressants boost neurotransmitter activity pretty much immediately, but therapeutic effects usually take weeks to kick in. Why? It’s like filling your car’s empty tank with petrol and it only starting to run again a month later; it means no fuel may have been a problem, but it’s clearly not the only problem.

There are other possible explanations. Neuroplasticity, the ability to form new connections between neurons, has been shown to be impaired in depressed patients. The theory is that this prevents the brain from responding “correctly” aversive stimuli and stress. Something bad happens, and the impaired plasticity means the brain is more ‘fixed’ as is, like a cake left out too long, preventing moving on, adapting, or escaping the negative mindset, and thus depression. Antidepressants also gradually increase neuroplasticity, so this may be actually why they work as they do, long after the transmitter levels are raised. It’s not like putting fuel in a car, it’s more like fertilising a plant; it takes time for the helpful elements to be absorbed into the system.

There are other possibilities. Inflammation causing undue stress on the brain is one, an overactive anterior cingulate cortex is another. Essentially, it’s complicated, and we can’t confirm anything yet.

Basically, depression isn’t a broken leg, or a cold. We can’t look at it, say “that’s what’s wrong, right there” and set about fixing it. Psychiatric issues are never that straightforward (and that’s without the many overlaps with more physical ailments). Part of the problem is that “depression” is more of an all-purpose term for something that manifests in many in different ways. It’s a mood disorder, but how mood is affected can vary substantially. Some end up with an unshakable black despair, others experience no mood to speak of, just feeling flat, empty and emotionless. Some (mostly men) become constantly angry and restless.

This is part of the reason why it’s proven so difficult to establish an underlying cause. The human brain is the most complex thing, and even a minor flaw or glitch in the workings can manifest in various, unexpected ways. And there’s no reason to assume that every case of depression has exactly the same cause. It’s not surprising, then, that antidepressants don’t work, or even make things worse, for many patients. There are other approaches too, but then these may not work for you either. If the causes and effects of depression vary considerably from person to person, so would the effectiveness of treatments.

Most therapeutic interventions don’t involve leather couches either. Maybe that’s a Hollywood thing?
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 Most therapeutic interventions don’t involve leather couches either. Maybe that’s a Hollywood thing? Photograph: Getty Images/Stockbyte

Antidepressants also have many potential side effects, which themselves vary from person to person. And while the therapeutic effects (which many argue are themselves overstated or based on questionable evidence) take weeks to occur, the same doesn’t apply to the unpleasant side effects, as Deborah Orr recently discovered.

Given all this, you may wonder how antidepressants ended up being so common in the first place? Well, it may boil down to the fact that, for all the flaws and problems they may have, they’re better than nothing, especially when the alternative is untreated depression. Some take a more cynical view, arguing that it’s pharmaceutical companies profiting by pushing profitable pills on people who don’t really need them.

Or, in the UK at least, it may be something to do lack of time and resources. In an ideal world, people with depression would have easy access to CBT or other interventions; given how every patient is different and what works for them is often a matter of trial and error. But, in an increasingly-underfunded and overworked NHS, this is increasingly difficult, even impossible, to offer. Many of the interpersonal therapies for depression and other disorders involve many hours of contact time with highly trained (ie expensive) professionals. Given the choice between that or giving someone a box of tablets and saying “see you in a month”, the latter would likely be the go-to option much of the time.

Overall, the widespread use of antidepressants is likely down to numerous complex causes, and the effects are unpredictable and confusing. Much like depression itself, which seems appropriate.

This article is adapted from Dean Burnett’s book The Idiot Brain, released in paperback in the US on 11 July.

Cancer detection: Seeking signals in blood

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Science  23 Feb 2018:
Vol. 359, Issue 6378, pp. 866-867
DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9102

Most cancers are detected when they cause symptoms that lead to medical evaluation. Unfortunately, in too many cases this results in diagnosis of cancers that are locally invasive or already metastatic and hence no longer curable with surgical resection or radiation treatment. Medical therapies, which might be curative in the setting of minimal tumor burden, typically provide more limited benefit in more advanced cancers, given the emergence of drug resistance (1). On page 926 of this issue, Cohen et al. (2) describe a strategy for early cancer detection, CancerSEEK, aimed at screening for multiple different cancers within the general population. This study challenges current assumptions in the field of blood-based biomarkers and sets the stage for the next generation of cancer screening initiatives.

Given the potential curative advantage of earlier diagnosis and treatment, why have so many cancer screening approaches failed? In the past, efforts at screening healthy populations for cancer have relied on tests that were insufficiently specific. For example, most men with rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) do not have prostate cancer but instead have benign prostatic enlargement. However, where accurate tests exist, there have been dramatic improvements in cancer outcomes (3). For example, advanced cervical cancer has virtually disappeared in countries where Pap screening is the standard of care; although less reliable, mammography and screening colonoscopy are recommended for early detection of breast and colon cancers in individuals above ages 40 to 45 and 50, respectively, and screening heavy smokers by use of low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) scans reduces deaths from lung cancer (4). However, these tests are imperfect, and cost-effectiveness for broad deployment remains a challenge, particularly because a multitude of false-positive test results may lead to extensive diagnostic evaluations and unnecessary medical interventions. Unfortunately, for the majority of cancers no effective early screening tests are available.

It is in this setting that emerging molecular analyses of blood specimens, so-called “liquid biopsies,” are poised to revolutionize cancer screening (5). Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood consists of small fragments of DNA that are approximately 150 nucleotides in length. cfDNA is primarily derived from normal tissues, but a small fraction may be derived from tumor cells in individuals who have cancer. This circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may be identified by the presence of characteristic mutations in cancer genes or by variations in chromosome copy numbers (6). Recent studies have established the reliability of ctDNA genotyping for monitoring treatment response and identifying drug resistance mechanisms in patients with advanced cancer (78). However, the much lower amount of ctDNA in the plasma of patients who have a localized tumor poses a challenge for early cancer screening, as does the absence of knowledge about which mutation to look for. Furthermore, some background mutations detectable in the blood may arise from nonmalignant proliferation of blood cells in older individuals, a phenomenon called clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) (9). Importantly, cancer gene mutations alone are insufficient to identify the tissue of origin for a given cancer signal in the blood because similar mutations are present in multiple different cancers. Thus, a tissue-agnostic blood-based screening test has limited clinical utility, unless accompanied by insight into which organ should be investigated for follow-up.

How the CancerSEEK algorithm works

Plasma-based sequencing of 16 cancer genes generates an Omega score that is combined with eight cancer-associated serum proteins to derive a probability for having any of eight different types of cancer. A machine learning algorithm then integrates these data with 31 additional serum proteins and patient gender to predict the tissue of origin.

GRAPHIC: C. BICKEL/SCIENCE

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How the CancerSEEK algorithm works

Plasma-based sequencing of 16 cancer genes generates an Omega score that is combined with eight cancer-associated serum proteins to derive a probability for having any of eight different types of cancer. A machine learning algorithm then integrates these data with 31 additional serum proteins and patient gender to predict the tissue of origin.

GRAPHIC: C. BICKEL/SCIENCE

Cohen et al. sought to combine ctDNA sequencing of cancer genes with quantitation of tumor-associated serum protein markers, deriving a probabilistic algorithm for the presence of cancer and for the tissue of origin. After estimating the minimal number of recurrent cancer gene mutations required for a robust signal in eight different cancer types, Cohen et al. assigned an Omega score to condense the entirety of the ctDNA sequencing data into a single number, based on the most predictive mutation identified. Added to the Omega score are levels for eight cancer-associated serum proteins, which are combined by the CancerSEEK algorithm into a single probability of the sample having come from an individual with cancer (see the figure). Of the 1005 patients studied with operable cancers, the test sensitivity ranged from 33 to 98%, depending on the cancer type, with a test specificity in healthy blood donors greater than 99%. In patients correctly identified as having some type of cancer, a further algorithm that incorporates the Omega score and the initial eight protein panel, as well as measurements of an additional 31 proteins and the patient’s gender, correctly localizes the tumor to one of two top predicted anatomic sites in 83% of patients.

Among the key discoveries in this study is that a relatively small panel of cancer genes sequenced repeatedly to extreme depth to find rare alleles, with the pool of templates divided into multiple fractions in order to enhance signal detection, is sufficient to provide information for many different types of cancer. Compared with other efforts that use large-scale ctDNA sequencing (10), this approach will have greatly reduced cost. Also, by combining multiple protein biomarkers with ctDNA genotyping, the devised algorithm can implicate candidate tissues of origin, information unavailable from mutational data alone.

There are a number of important caveats. The predictive value of any diagnostic test relies on the prevalence of the disease within the tested population. For instance, in testing apparently healthy individuals within the general population, the prevalence of all eight cancers can be conservatively estimated as 1% of people over age 64 (11). Hence, in this setting even a test that is 99% sensitive and 99% specific will yield a positive predictive value (PPV) of only 50% (half of all test positives will be a false-positive result). Similarly, a positive CancerSEEK test result would be predicted to have a PPV of 40 to 45% for a person having any of the eight different cancers (2). Although the model was not designed to screen for individual cancer types, breaking down the aggregate PPV into its individual component cancers would result in further reduction in PPV, particularly for rare cancers. Because PPVs improve with higher disease prevalence, application of any cancer screening test to subpopulations with increased genetic or environmental risk factors (for example, carriers of familial breast cancer susceptibility mutations, heavy smokers at risk for lung cancer, or patients with liver cirrhosis predisposed to hepatocellular carcinoma) would of course increase the likelihood of true-positive results.

A well-documented challenge in early cancer detection studies is that patient populations at increased risk for cancer may also have precancerous or inflammatory conditions resulting in baseline elevation of serum protein biomarkers, a confounding factor that is not well recapitulated in the healthy control population used to build the CancerSEEK test. Although the relative contributions of ctDNA genotyping versus serum protein markers varies among the individual cancers analyzed by Cohen et al., the integration of these potentially orthogonal markers into the CancerSEEK algorithm is likely to strengthen its accuracy when trained on clinically relevant populations. Extending from this study, future research may combine multiple blood-based analytes, including massive ctDNA sequencing for mutations (10), high-throughput screening for chromosome copy number variation (12), scoring for tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns (13), serum-based multiprotein mass spectrometric quantitation (14), and digital quantitation of lineage-specific RNA from circulating tumor cells (15). Each of these blood-based assays may provide optimal capabilities for the detection of specific cancer types within at-risk patient populations, and as elegantly demonstrated by Cohen et al., combinations of tests may be optimal to enable both high-sensitivity detection and identification of the tissue of origin.

The ultimate goal of cancer screening is to diagnose invasive cancers early, while they are still curable. All the patients studied by Cohen et al. had been diagnosed as part of standard clinical evaluation and were candidates for surgical resection of their tumors, but many already had local invasion, and their cure rate is unknown. As the authors acknowledge, diagnosing cancers before clinical symptoms trigger an initial diagnostic procedure will require detection of even lower levels of signal, and prospective studies of patients whose cancer is first detected through blood-based screening will be required to determine real-world performance and whether such early screening can lead to improved cure rates. In addition, as the authors suggest, by coupling an initial blood-based screening test with secondary high-specificity confirmatory tests, it may be possible to achieve PPVs that would enable large-scale clinical implementation.

Undoubtedly, effective screening for early invasive cancers represents the best hope for reducing cancer mortality and morbidity. The conceptual advances and the practical feasibility of the CancerSEEK assay constitute an important milestone toward the application of early cancer detection. Most importantly, the ongoing development of cost-effective and accurate blood-based cancer screening strategies is poised to revolutionize clinical cancer care, bringing with it new emphasis on genetic and environmental risk stratification so as to tailor application of screening tests; minimally invasive imaging, biopsy, and molecular characterization of early tumors that are discovered and might be either indolent or invasive; and deployment of increasingly effective therapeutic options to stages of cancer for which they have curative potential. The vision of effective earlier cancer detection and intervention warrants validation in appropriate populations through large-scale clinical trials that are likely to radically change the way we diagnose and treat cancer.

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Top 10 Tata group stocks which rose 40-180% in last one year under N Chandra

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Companies which rose between 40-100% include names like Tata Steel, Voltas, Tata Sponge, Tata Metaliks, Tata Global Beverages, Oriental Hotels, and Titan Company.

N Chandrasekaran, the newly appointed chairman of the Tata Group, completes his first year on February 21 and as many as 10 stocks rose up to 180 percent in the same period, data showed.

Before taking charge as the chairman of Tata Sons, the holding company, N Chandra was the managing director and chief executive of TCS, which commands the second highest company by market valuation at Rs 5.6 trillion.

Chandra also chairs the boards of several group operating companies, including Tata SteelTata MotorsTata PowerIndian Hotels and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) — of which he was a chief executive from 2009-17.

According to the current group structure, Tata Sons has control over its subsidiaries at varied levels. It controls about 74% in TCS and just about 21% in Titan, said a report.

Tata Group stocks which rose over 100 percent include names like Tinplate Company which rose 186 percent, followed by Nelco which was up 102 percent in the last one year.

Companies which rose between 40-100% include names like Tata Steel, Voltas, Tata Sponge, Tata Metaliks, Tata Global Beverages, Oriental Hotels, and Titan Company.

However, 4 out of 26 stocks gave negative returns which include stocks like Tata Motors which was the top most loser in the Tata Group stocks down 19 percent, followed by Tata Communications which was down 16 percent, Rallis India dropped 6 percent, and Tata Teleservices and Benares Hotels plunged by 3 percent each.

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The combined market capitalisation of 26 listed Tata companies is up 16.76 percent since his appointment on February 21, 2017, to Rs 9,70,892. Barring TCS and Tata Motors, the group market capitalisation is up 45.83% percent.

Tata Group companies which added more than Rs1000 crore in market capitalization include names like Tata Investment Corporation, Tata Elxsi, Tinplate, Voltas, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Steel, Titan Company, and TCS which added nearly 70,000 crores in market cap in the last 1 year.

Top 11 firms added more than Rs1.64 lakh crore in market capitalization in the last one year while Tata Motors shed over Rs25000 crore in market cap, followed by Tata Communications which saw an erosion of Rs3344 crore.

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Tata Group stocks with high PE change include names like Automobile Corporation, Rallis India, Tata Chemicals, Tata Coffee, Tata Elxsi, Tata Power, Titan Company, Voltas, The Indian Hotels, Tata Metaliks, and Tinplate Company among others.

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Women and Education in Islam

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What Islam Says About Educating Women

“Seeking knowledge is obligatory to every Muslim male and female”- Prophet Muhammad.

Ignorance is a disease which does not know gender and Islam is a religion which has to be learned and practiced by every believing man or woman. The argument that Islam prohibits the education of women is lame because there is not a single verse in the Quran and Hadith of Prophet Muhammad to support this claim.

Allah the Almighty said in the Quran, know me before you worship, if you do not know me how can you worship me. All the commandments of Allah in the Quran does not discriminate against gender. Women should equally worship Allah like men. Females are supposed to memorize the Quran, fast, pray, perform hajj, give zakat, wear hijab etc. How are we supposed to know all these things if we are not educated?

According to the Prophet, Muslim men should marry righteous and knowledgeable women because she is the woman who is going to raise your children. A mother is a school and she is the first teacher of her children. So how can people say that Islam does not encourage the education of women? This is a very big misunderstanding. It is true that some Muslim communities do not allow their females to go to school but that is their culture and society; Islam is not to be blamed for it.

We shall now examine information about the intellectual abilities of two wives of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh): Khadijah and Aishah.

  • Khadijah Binte Khuwaylid, the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), was a wealthy tradeswoman, the richest woman in Mecca at the time, who exported goods as far away as Syria. To manage her large business, she employed several males and to do so then in Arabia, necessitated that you have a high level of understanding and wisdom.
  • Aishah Binte Abu Bakr, the youngest wife of  Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), was very talented and possessed an incredible memory. As a Muslim scholar, she is credited with narrating more than two thousand Hadith and was noted for teaching eminent scholars. She had a great love for learning and became known for her intelligence and sharp sense of judgment. Her life also substantiates that a woman can be a scholar, exert influence over men and women and provide them with inspiration and leadership. The example of Aishah in promoting education, particularly education of women in the laws and teachings of Islam, is a hallmark in female education in Islam. Because of the strength of her personality, she was a leader in every field of knowledge, in society and in politics.

Why must each and every woman stay home and do chores every single day for the rest of their lives? That is not part of the teachings of Islam. The kind of education I am talking about does not only entail religious education; it is equally important to have secular education. The entire Muslim community cannot be made up of Islamic scholars. If need be, why can’t we learn and become engineers, female gynecologists, midwives, nurses, business women etc?

Girls all over the world, who know the beauty of education, are struggling to get educated and even with that struggle, they are not encouraged because of the lack of incentives and equal paychecks like men and this stereotype should end because women are equally putting in the same work as men.

The impact an educated woman has on the society is tremendous because whatever a man can do, a woman can do better. Seeking education is a responsibility to every Muslim whether you are a male or female. Thus, seeking knowledge is a fundamental right for every Muslim woman.

This is a sad reflection upon Muslims and the societies that we have built since knowledge is one of the important pillars upon which the edifice of Islam has been raised. The very fact that the first revelation upon the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) contained the commandment to ‘read’ speaks volumes of the emphasis Islam lays on education. Within Islam there is no disagreement found on acquisition of knowledge being binding and obligatory. The importance and excellence of knowledge has been highlighted both directly and indirectly in over five hundred places in the Holy Qur’an. Indeed one of the essential duties and responsibilities of Prophethood was the dissemination of knowledge and wisdom to all. Allah Almighty says:

﴿كَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَا فِيكُمْ رَسُولاً مِّنكُمْ يَتْلُواْ عَلَيْكُمْ ءَايَــــٰـــتِنَا وَيُزَكِّيكُمْ وَيُعَلِّمُكُمُ ٱلْكِتَــــٰـــبَ وَٱلْحِكْمَةَ وَيُعَلِّمُكُم مَّا لَمْ تَكُونُواْ تَعْلَمُونَ﴾

Likewise, We have sent you (Our) Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him) from amongst yourselves who recites to you Our Revelations and purifies and sanctifies (your hearts and ill-commanding selves) and teaches you the Book and inculcates in you logic and wisdom and enlightens you (on the mysteries of spiritual gnosis and divine truth) which you did not know. [al-Baqara, 2:151.]

﴿هُوَ ٱلَّذِى بَعَثَ فِى ٱلْأُمِّيِّـينَ رَسُولاً مِّنْهُمْ يَتْلُواْ عَلَيْهِمْ ءَايَــــٰـــتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ ٱلْكِتَــــٰـــبَ وَٱلْحِكْمَةَ وَإِن كَانُواْ مِن قَبْلُ لَفِى ضَلَــــٰـــلٍ مُّبِينٍ﴾

He is the One Who sent a (Glorious) Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him) amongst the illiterate people from amongst themselves who recites to them His Revelations and cleanses and purifies them (outwardly and inwardly) and teaches them the Book and wisdom. Indeed, they were in open error before (his most welcome arrival). [al-Jumu‘a, 62:2.]

A basic principle of Islamic Shariah states that when a commandment is revealed, even if the masculine form of word is used the female gender is also included in this commandment. If this principle is rejected then the basic pillars of Islam such as prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and alms-due will become null and void for women. So though God Almighty and the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) use the masculine form of sentence to describe most of the commandments, women are also bound to act and follow those rules and regulations.

The study of these verses clearly shows that the prophetic responsibilities of Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him) through his Prophethood included recital of the verses, purgation of the self, education of the Book and wisdom and communication of knowledge. Four duties out of five directly talk of knowledge whereas the second and fifth in the sequence refers to a particular kind of knowledge, which is technically defined as mysticism or sufism. However if the doors of acquiring knowledge are closed for women or unjustified restrictions are imposed upon this acquisition, which religion will they act upon? How can they come to know the nature of the verses that have been revealed to them? How will they attain the wisdom and hikma that Allah Almighty wished them to know through the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him)? How are they to teach the fundamentals of the faith to their children if they have no knowledge of it themselves?

The Holy Qur’an also states:

﴿قُلْ هَلْ يَسْتَوِى ٱلَّذِينَ يَعْلَمُونَ وَٱلَّذِينَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ‌ إِنَّمَا يَتَذَكَّرُ أُوْلُواْ ٱلْأَلْبَــــٰـــبِ﴾

Say: ‘Can those who have knowledge and those who do not be alike?’ So only the wise do receive the admonition. [al-Zumar, 39:9.]

﴿إِنَّمَا يَخْشَى ٱللَّهَ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ ٱلْعُلَمَــــٰۤـــؤُاْ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ غَفُورٌ﴾

So only those of His servants who have knowledge (of these realities with a vision and outlook) fear Him. Surely, Allah is Almighty, Most Forgiving. [Fatir, 35:28.]

None of these verses specify that only ‘wise men’ receive admonition or that only ‘male servants’ who have knowledge fear Him. If reference to the importance of knowledge has not been restricted within the purview of men by Almighty God, why do we persevere in creating them ourselves? A number of Prophetic traditions also talk directly about knowledge being obligatory and binding in character.

The Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) said:

«طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ».

Acquisition of knowledge is binding on all Muslims (both men and women without any discrimination). [Narrated by Ibn Maja in al-Sunan, 1:81 §224.]

The Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) also said at another place:

«اُطْلُبُوا الْعِلْمَ وَلَوْ بِالصِّينِ».

Acquire knowledge even if you may have to go to China for it. [Narrated by al-Bazzar in al-Musnad, 1:175 §95.]

He (blessings and peace be upon him) said at another place:

«مَنْ سَلَكَ طَرِيقًا يَلْتَمِسُ فِيهِ عِلْمًا سَهَّلَ اللهُ لَهُ بِهِ طَرِيقًا إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ».

Allah Almighty makes the path to paradise easier for him who walks on it for getting knowledge. [Narrated by Muslim in al-Sahih, 4:2074 §2699.]

It is apparent from the Holy Qur’an and hadiths that the acquisition of knowledge is obligatory for women in the same way as in the case of men. The study of the life of the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) also shows that he himself made special arrangements for the education and training of women.

Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri reports that some women said to the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him): ‘men have gone ahead of us (in terms of acquisition of knowledge). Therefore, appoint a special day for our benefit as well.’ The Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) fixed one day for them. He (blessings and peace be upon him) would meet them on that day, advise them and educate them about commandments of Allah Almighty. [Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Sahih, 1:50.]

‘A’isha al-Siddiqa, mother of the faithful, was a hadith-narrator, scholar, intellectual and jurist of great standing. She is believed to have reported 2,210 traditions. Abu Hurayra, ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Amr and Anas b. Malik (may Allah be well pleased with them) were the only ones from amongst male hadith-narrators who had narrated more traditions than she did. This itself illustrates that women could not only teach women but also men after fulfilling certain preconditions.

‘A’isha bint Talha (may Allah be well pleased with her) reports:

I stayed with ‘A’isha. People from every city would come to me including the old ones (who would put forward questions) because they knew that I am her servant. And the students who were young would treat me like their sister and would present gifts (to ‘A’isha through me). Many would also write me letters (so that I could reply them back after soliciting answers from ‘A’isha. I would submit: O aunt! Mr so and so has written a letter and there is his present as well. ‘A’isha would say in reply to this: O daughter! Answer his query and give him present in exchange as well. If you have nothing to give, let me know, I will give. So she would return (the present in exchange and I would send it back along with the letter). [Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Adab al-Mufrad.]

It is important to note here that the concept of knowledge in Islam covers a broad spectrum of subjects. All interpreters of the Holy Qur’an are in agreement that the first five verses of chapter al-‘Alaq form the beginning of the sending of revelation:

﴿ٱقْرَأْ بِٱسْمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ. خَلَقَ ٱلْإِنسَــــٰـــنَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ. ٱقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ ٱلْأَكْرَمُ. ٱلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِٱلْقَلَمِ. عَلَّمَ ٱلْإِنسَــــٰـــنَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ﴾

(O Beloved!) Read (commencing) with the Name of Allah, Who has created (everything). He created man from a hanging mass (clinging) like a leech (to the mother’s womb). Read, and your Lord is Most Generous, Who taught man (reading and writing) by the pen, Who (besides that) taught man (all that) which he did not know. [al-‘Alaq, 96:1–5.]

The first commandment contained in these verses relates to ‘reading’ as a part of a process of acquisition of knowledge. In addition to the description of Allah Almighty being the Creator and Sustainer, two branches of knowledge are mentioned, embryology and sociology. Whilst indicating knowledge of biology and morality in these verses, the Qur’an explains the Islamic concept of knowledge as being very vast. Acquisition of knowledge embraces within in its fold all of its branches, both religious and secular, which are productive for mankind. It is important to note that this is not restricted to the purview of the traditional religious sciences. Instead many verses of the Holy Qur’an invite man to ponder and meditate over the creation of the universe. Thus it would be wrong to allow women to just partake in learning of the religious sciences and prohibit her from gaining a wider scope in her learning.

Another misnomer is the view that suggests women are only allowed to gain knowledge from female teachers and that instruction from men is prohibited due to the demands of purdah. Although an ideal environment would dictate women teaching women, we do not live in an ideal world where this is always possible. Since Islam is a religion for all nations and all times, it is based on practical reality. There is no stipulation that only women can teach other women or a bar regarding male teachers for women. If the rules of attire and dress are properly observed then men can teach female students under Sharia. This is also apparent from the above mentioned hadith where the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) himself made arrangements for the education and training of women where one day was particularly specified for women in the Prophet’s Mosque.

Indeed those who quote the verses of the Holy Qur’an regarding the veil as an argument against women leaving the home in pursuit of knowledge are also severely misguided. If attending a school or college in the pursuit of knowledge constitutes breaking the laws of purdah then anytime a women steps out of her home would entail the same breakage of laws. This would of course create a ludicrous situation where a woman could never leave her home for any reason. If one looks at the verses regarding the veil Allah Almighty states:

﴿وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَــــٰـــتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَــــٰـــرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا‌﴾

And direct the believing women that they (too) must keep their eyes lowered and guard their chastity, and must not show off their adornments and beautification except that (part of it) which becomes visible itself. [al-Nur, 24:31.]

﴿يَــــٰۤـــأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ قُل لِّأَزْوَاجِكَ وَبَنَاتِكَ وَنِسَآءِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِن جَلَــــٰـــبِيبِهِنَّ ذَالِكَ أَدْنَىٰۤ أَن يُعْرَفْنَ فَلَا يُؤْذَيْنَ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا﴾

O Prophet! Say to your wives, your daughters and the women of believers that, (whilst going out,) they should draw their veils as coverings over them. It is more likely that this way they may be recognized (as pious, free women), and may not be hurt (considered by mistake as roving slave girls). And Allah is Most Forgiving, Ever-Merciful. [12 al-Ahzab, 33:59.]

Neither of these verses prohibits a woman leaving her house. In fact they merely stipulate that when she leaves the house she should observe the veil whilst outside. Indeed these commandments are themselves a great justification for women stepping out of their homes and becoming active members within society. Moreover if the act of a woman stepping out of her home was prohibited, why did the revered wives of the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) participate in battles? If we study the following traditions we come to know the range of functions women performed during the period of Prophethood.

Anas b. Malik (may Allah be well pleased with him) narrates: when people became separated from the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him), I saw ‘A’isha bint Abi Bakr and Umm Sulaym (may Allah be well pleased with them) were completely covered in attire. They would bring water-bags upon their back, offer it to the thirsty Muslims and then return. They would bring water-bags again and made the thirsty Muslims drink it. [Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Sahih, 3:1055 §2724.]

Umm ‘Atiya (may Allah be well pleased with her) says: I participated in six battles with the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him). I would pursue the Ghazis in their tracks, cook food for them and do dressing for the injured and make arrangements for treatment of the diseased. [Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Sahih, 1:333 §937 & 2:595 §1569.]

This practice continued in the period of the rightly-guided Caliphs after the period of Prophethood. It is related in the books of sira that women were part of the parliament (majlis al-shura) during the period of ‘Umar b. al-Khattab (may Allah be well pleased with him). [Narrated by ‘Abd al-Razzaq in al-Musannaf, 6:180 §10420.] During the rule of ‘Uthman (may Allah be well pleased with him), women were designated as ambassadors to other countries. [Related by al-Tabari in Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, 2:601.]

In a similar manner the history of Islam is replete with the mention of women who obtained distinguished positions in the fields of hadith sciences, the science of interpretation, jurisprudence, medical science, poetry and calligraphy.[Shaykh-ul-Islam Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, Women Rights in Islam.]

 

It is thus imperative, if a nation wishes to be successful and move towards a sustainable reality, the women of that society must be given every opportunity to attain knowledge and education which is not only her due but a right that has been ordained to her by Almighty Allah.

The rights of the husband upon his wife- Guardianship of men over women.

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The rights of the husband upon his wife- Guardianship of men over women.
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of Creations, and Peace and blessings be upon our prophet Muhammad, the faithful and the honest.
 Oh, Allah, we know nothing but what You teach us. You are the All- Knower, the Wise. Oh Allah, teach us what is good for us, and benefit us from what You taught us, and increase our knowledge. Show us the righteous things as righteous and help us to do them, and show us the bad things as bad and help us to keep away from them.
  O Allah our Lord, lead us out from the depths of darkness and illusion, unto the lights of erudition and knowledge, and from the muddy shallows of lusts unto the heavens of Your Vicinity.

The following Ayah is considered fundamental regarding spouses’ rights:

 We are still discussing the book on Hadith by Imam An-Nawawi Riyad as-Saliheen (Gardens of the Pious). Let’s turn to chapter 35 entitled “Men’s Rights upon their Wives”. Imam an-Nawawi, may Allah have mercy upon his soul, used to commence each chapter with a Noble Ayah closely related to the noble Hadiths mentioned in that chapter, and he commenced this chapter with the following Noble Ayah in which Allah the Almighty says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allah and to their husbands), and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

(An-Nisa’, 34)

1- True believers have no choice but to obey Allah’s Order

 Actually, when it comes to the Orders of Allah the Almighty that are mentioned in the Noble Qur’an, and when it comes to the orders of the Prophet, peace be upon him, the true worshipper of Allah has no choice but to obey the Divine Order. On the other hand, as for the matters related to this life, such as buying a house, getting married, or having a certain job, life is full of choices. Thus, the true believer adheres strictly to Allah’s Orders that are mentioned in the Noble Qur’an. Allah the Almighty says:

(It is not for a believer, man or woman, when Allah and His Messenger have decreed a matter that they should have any option in their decision.)

(Al-Ahzab, 35)

  In other words, when it comes to the Divine Orders and Prohibitions which are Qati Ath-Thuboot (have unquestionable transmission; which are mentioned in the Noble Qur’an or in the authentic noble Hadith) and Qati Dalalah (have definitive meaning), the true believer should adhere strictly to them. For instance, according to Allah’s Order, the husband should be the leader and the guardian of his family, but let me ask you the following important questions: Why do some people disobey their Lord? Why are most of them immersed in sins? Why do they pay no attention to the Orders of Allah the Almighty and those of the Prophet, peace be upon him? Why do they follow their whims, lusts, desires, or interests? Why do they imitate the non-Muslims blindly? That is because they are heedless of Allah the Almighty and have shallow knowledge of Him.

 In fact, the Prophet, peace be upon him, stayed in Makkah for thirteen years calling for monotheism and informing people about Allah the Almighty, then the Islamic Shari’ah (Islamic law) was (gradually) revealed. We may conclude that the best way to persuade people to obey Allah the Almighty and to follow His Orders is to inform them about Him (His most Beautiful Names and Lofty Attributes) first, and then to inform them about His Orders. In the other words, the most effective method to abide by Allah’s Orders and Prohibitions is to know Who the Commander really is, and then to know His Commands. That is why the one who has superficial knowledge of Allah the Almighty disobeys Allah and commits sins easily and without remorse, and he never feels that he is obliged to abide by the Divine Orders mentioned in the Noble Qur’an and Sunnah. On the other hand, the one who makes every effort to get to know Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, and who firmly believes in Allah’s Punishment and Reward will never ever think of disobeying Him.

 

2- Marriage should be based on Islamic Shari’ah

 The marriage that is based on the Islamic teaching is really wonderful, but when both couples do not apply Allah’s Command and do not practise Islam in their marital life, their life will turn into a living Hell because each one of the spouses will care only about one’s self, and this may lead to a conflict of interests, then things end in marital discord and conflict. Thus, getting to know Allah the Almighty before knowing His Orders is quite crucial. It was narrated that our Master Bilal, may Allah be pleased with him, said, “Do not look at how small the sin you commit is, rather consider the Greatness and Might of the One Whom you dare to disobey.”

 

3- The unchangeable facts of life:

 Before pondering over some noble Hadiths on the rights of the husband over his wife, let us discuss some of the unchangeable facts of life such as the subjection of the whole universe to human beings. When you ponder over the creation of universe, you will be quite amazed at its greatness; the earth with all the planets going around it compared to our galaxy (the Milky Galaxy) is only like a point in a space. Furthermore, there are many billion galaxies in the universe, and each one contains many billion stars, and the distances between these stars are incredibly huge. This vast universe with all its galaxies, quasars, comets, etc.…is one of the sings of the Greatness of Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He. However, whom Allah the Almighty has subjected this vast universe to? There are many Noble Ayaat in the Noble Qur’an which clearly indicate that the whole universe is subjected to man (to get to know Allah through pondering over the greatness of its creation). One of these Ayaat is the following Noble Ayah in which Allah the Almighty says:

(And has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth; it is all as a favour and kindness from Him)

(Al-Jathiyah, 13)

4- What should man do in return for this subjection?

 As long as the whole universe is subjected to human beings, what does Allah the Almighty demand of man in return for this subjection? To make this point clear, consider the following example: if someone is offered one of the highest salaries and full power to take action, make decisions, etc.…, he should carry out heavy responsibilities in return for these distinctive characteristics. Similarly, if you consider the great creation of the universe, the innumerable number of trees, flowers, birds, fishes, etc…, you should know that you have responsibilities towards the Creator of this universe Who has subjected it to you.

 Furthermore, if you ponder over the great creation of human body; the human body systems, the muscles, the heart, the lungs, etc…, and if you ponder over the creation of everything around you, such as the sky, the air, the water, the seas, the stars, the birds, and so on, you should realize that all these things are created for your own good in the worldly life and the Hereafter. Hence, you can notice how the whole universe is subjected to human beings, but what should man do in return for this subjection? He should devote himself to worship Allah the Almighty. Having the universe subjected to you requires knowing Allah the Almighty perfectly, and this profound knowledge entails obeying Allah perfectly. As a result, you will be pleased in both this world and the Hereafter.

 Accordingly, the main purpose of the creation of the heavens and the earth, as well as the creation of the human being is to grant you eternal and blissful happiness in this world and in the Hereafter. However, this eternal happiness is based on performing righteous deeds, acts of obedience to Allah, and a great deal of effort. As for performing righteous deeds, it depends on the profound knowledge about Allah, and this profound knowledge requires contemplating the creation of the great universe which is a sign of the Greatness of Allah the Almighty. Thus, the main purpose of the creation of the universe is to get to know Allah the Almighty through pondering over its creation, since this universe is a sign of the Utmost Greatness of Allah the Almighty. Moreover, it is subjected to human beings in order to get to know Allah the Almighty perfectly and to love Him. This perfect knowledge in its turn will lead you to the absolute obedience to Him, and this absolute obedience will end in the eternal happiness in this worldly life and in the Hereafter.

 Whenever you read a Divine Order in the Noble Qur’an, you –as a husband or as a wife- should adhere strictly to it and should apply it completely not partially, because this is your duty in return for the subjection of the whole universe to you. On the other hand, the people who are heedless of Allah the Almighty pay no attention to Allah’s Orders, so they commit sins, disobey Allah, violate His Command, and transgress the limits ordained by Him easily. Let alone, when you advise one of them not to commit sins he may indifferently reply, “Come on! Take it easy! Allah is the Oft-Forgiving the Most Merciful, He will bestow His Mercy and Kindness upon us and will definitely not call us to account!” That is what ignorant people say.

 Actually, Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, has created the whole universe for our benefit; when we ponder over the creation of the universe we get to know Allah perfectly, and we will be deeply grateful to Allah for this subjection. Then this perfect knowledge and deep gratitude will make us totally obedient to Allah, so we will be granted the eternal happiness in both this life and the Hereafter. Consider the Divine Command mentioned in the following Noble Ayah in which Allah the Almighty says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women,)

(An-Nisa’, 34)

5- The guardianship of men over women

 This means the family can be likened to a ship or a vehicle which has only one leader who should be one of them. Allah the Almighty says:

(…because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

(An-Nisa, 34)

 Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, has granted men and women certain characteristics that complement each other. Furthermore, they are equal in many aspects such as charging and honoring. The equality in charging and assignment means both of them are ordered to get to know Allah the Almighty, to perform acts of obedience to Him, to get closer to Him, and so on…. However, they differ in some aspects; for example, women are not ordered to go out for Jihad nor are they ordered to attend Friday sermon. Allah the Almighty says:

(Verily, the Muslims (those who submit to Allah in Islam) men and women, the believers men and women (who believe in Islamic Monotheism), the men and the women who are obedient (to Allah), the men and women who are truthful (in their speech and deeds), the men and the women who are patient (in performing all the duties which Allah has ordered and in abstaining from all that Allah has forbidden), the men and the women who are humble (before their Lord Allah), the men and the women who give Sadaqat (i.e. Zakat, and alms, etc.), the men and the women who observe Saum (fast) (the obligatory fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the optional Nawafil fasting)….,)

(Al-Ahzab, 35)

 Whether they are males or females, Allah the Almighty will answer their prayers. He says:

(So their Lord accepted of them (their supplication and answered them), “Never will I allow to be lost the work of any of you, be the male or female.)

(Aal-‘Imran, 195)

6- Differences and similarities between men and women

 When it comes to the Divine assignment and honoring, women and men are equal. Yet, there is a vast structural difference between women and men; woman has a special psychological, physical and mental structure which fits perfectly her first mission manifested in bringing up her children. On the other hand, man has special mentality and psychological and physical structure, which are quite compatible with his role in the family manifested in earning a living, taking the helm of the family and making decisions due to his profound insight. Thus, men and women complement each other. Also, according to Allah’s Deep Wisdom, He has chosen man to be the leader of his family. Allah the Almighty says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

 Men’s mind dominates their passion, and they have deeper insight than women, while women have the ability to focus sharply on the outer appearance of things, unlike men who concentrate on the reality and the essence of life, and pay no attention to the outer appearance. I do not mean to belittle women or dishonor them, but what I mean is that both man and woman have their special characteristics that fit their role in life. Also, they are equal in the Sight of Allah the Almighty. It was narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him said:

((Go and inform the women that their beautification for their husbands, discharging their rights, seeking their pleasure and obeying them is equal to Jihad in reward.))

[Mentioned in the tradition]

 Furthermore, the woman who adheres strictly to Allah’s Orders and who obeys her husband can be more exalted in the Sight of Allah the Almighty than one thousand men, or even ten thousand or one hundred thousand men. What really matters is the adherence to the Command of Allah the Almighty and the performance of righteous deeds. Allah the Almighty says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

 In Islam, man is charged with certain duties such as the guardianship over women, management, supervision, making decision, and leadership at home. However, you may find someone who abdicates these responsibilities willingly and lets his wife lead the family (i.e. who has a weak personality) or takes his role in public. Actually, such cases are not related to the topic of our lecture today. The general rule is that Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, has placed men in charge of their wives. He says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

 It was narrated that while Khalifah Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was personally looking after the affairs of his people, he imposed a punishment on a person who had committed a mistake. Later on, his wife asked him why he imposed that punishment on that man, and what he had committed. She did not ask him to forgive that man, or to make other decision. Nevertheless, Khalifah Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, got extremely angry at her and said, “O bad woman, it is none of your business!” He did not allow her to interfere in his affairs since she had no knowledge about that.

 Although righteous women have high status in the Sight of Allah the Almighty, He has granted men the position of guardianship over women, because it fits their feminine nature. As the saying goes, “May Allah bless the one who knows perfectly well the range of his abilities, and does not burden himself with what is beyond his capacity.” Allah the Almighty says:

(…because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

 Allah the Almighty distinguishes man with qualities that are not found in women such as the muscular strength, the physical strength, and the ability to make rational decisions at the expense of emotions, while in general women are driven by their emotions, and that is why they sometimes find it hard to make crucial decisions in critical situations which require certain levels of bravery.

7- The reason why Allah assigns guardianship to men over women:

 Allah the Almighty says:

(…and because they spend (to support them) from their means.)

(An-Nisa’, 34)

 Allah the Almighty mentions two reasons for that; the first one is:

(…because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,)

(An-Nisa’, 34)

 The second one is that men have to spend money on them.

8- The qualities of a righteous wife:

 Allah the Almighty says:

(..Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allah and to their husbands), and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

(An-Nisa, 34)

 This means the righteous wife is obedient to her husband, and she guards her chastity and her husband’s money in his absence, which is the best quality of a righteous wife; she never lets non-Mahram men look at her or speak with her unnecessarily. Allah the Almighty says:

( …then be not soft in speech,)

(Al-Ahzab, 32)

 On the other hand, some women do not guard their chastity in the absence of their husbands. For instance, if someone knocks at the door, they open it wide even if they are wearing indecently, and they talk with him without observing the etiquettes of talking with non-Mahram men. A woman of such does not guard her chastity, but rather she is almost encouraging people to commit adultery with her! While the situation of the righteous woman is exactly the opposite; Allah the Almighty says:

(…and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

 In Morocco, some righteous women have a quite good habit; if someone knocks at the door while their husbands are not at home, they knock at the door from inside in order to inform him that their husbands are not at home, so if he wants to say something important, he should say it from behind the closed doors. While the heedless women welcome the non-Mahram men warmly, and ask them to enter their homes, and show them warm hospitality. Such women are not true Muslim women, since the righteous women guard their chastity while their husbands are not at home.

((It was narrated from Ibn ‘Abbas that a man came to the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, and said, “I have a wife who is one of the most beloved of the people to me, but she does not object if anyone touches her.” He, peace be upon him, said, “Divorce her.”))

[An-Nasa’i]

 The woman who does not guard her chastity in her husband’s absence cannot be entrusted. Actually there is a popular misconception that some women are referred to as chaste since they never let anyone talk to them in an immoral manner regardless of the fact that they show their beauty and expose their body in the balcony and in the streets. Well, this is absolutely wrong, because the woman who wears indecently is definitely not chaste and is not a real Muslim woman even if she performs ritual acts such as prayers, fasting, etc. Allah the Almighty describes the real Muslim woman as follows:

(…and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

 This means she guards her chastity all the time; whether in the presence of her husband or in his absence. She also protects his money and spends it wisely, even if others accuse her of being stingy. Allah the Almighty says:

(…and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

 Consider these pieces of advice which create an intense emotional bond between the spouses: It was narrated that a Bedouin woman, in the early stage of Islam, gave this advice to her daughter before her wedding. She said, “O my beloved daughter, I will give you ten pieces of advice. Remember them and try to live them, you will gain the happiness and respect of your husband. First: Lead a life of contentment. Second: Always listen attentively to what your husband says. Give importance to what he says and do as he says. Third: Tend to your beauty carefully so that whenever he will look at you, he will be pleased with his choice. Within the limits of decency, use as much fragrance as possible and remember that no part of your body or dress should repulse him. [i.e. make sure you are always clean, neat and in a good conduct and good fragrance.]. Fourth: Prepare his meals before it is time as hunger becomes a flame if not satisfied. During the hours of rest, keep it quiet and peaceful as disturbed sleep makes a man morose and angry. [i.e. be alert and sensitive to his needs, instead of doing something that aggravates the situation]. Fifth: If he is grieved over something, then do not mention to him anything that has pleased you. Share his grief. When he is happy, don’t disclose your hidden grief and do not complain to your husband. Otherwise, he will see you as lacking emotional respect and will be irritated or annoyed by your lack of understanding. Sixth: Never disobey him and always keep his secrets, for disobeying such an honorable man would put fuel to fire, also revealing his secrets would destroy his trust in you. And you yourself will not be safe from his retaliatory double standards…..” to the rest of theses valuables pieces of advice. Thus, the Muslim women should act upon the following Ayah:

(…and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah orders them to guard (e.g. their chastity, their husband’s property, etc.).)

(An-Nisa’, 34)

 This is the meaning of the following Noble Ayah in which Allah the Almighty says:

(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women)

 However, if the husband is less righteous and less knowledgeable than his wife, if he has a narrow vision while his wife has a broad one, and if he does not spend money on her, then she is the one who has guardianship over him! Man guardianship over his wife requires being more righteous, knowledgeable and pious than her, and it requires spending on her. Otherwise, his wife should be the one who leads the family.

Some noble Hadiths on the rights of spouses:

 First, let us talk about the most important rights of the husband over his wife.

The first Hadith:

 Abu Hurairah narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((When a man calls his wife to come to his bed and she refuses and does not come to him and he spends the night angry, the angels curse her till the morning.))

[Agreed upon]

 When we say agreed upon, it means that both Imam Al-Bukhari and Imam Muslim agreed on its narration. In another narration, the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((When a woman spends the night away from the bed of her husband, the angels curse her until morning.))

 Which means marriage is based on making love, so if the wife spends the night away from her husband and refrains from sleeping with him, the angels will curse her all the night until morning. Likewise, it is not permissible for a woman to observe supererogatory fast when her husband is present except with his permission, but if it is an obligatory fast, she can fast without his permission, because the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((There is no obedience to any human being if it involves sin; obedience is only in that which is right and proper.))

[Ahmad]

 Accordingly, you should never obey anyone in the disobedience of Allah even if he is your parent. For example, a father may say to his son, ‘If you want me to be pleased with you, divorce your wife!’ His wife may be a righteous woman, so he should never obey him and should never divorce her unjustly. The prophet, peace be up him, said:

((There is no obedience to any human being if it involves sin; obedience is only in that which is right and proper.))

 If someone’s parents order him to commit a sin, then it is the same whether they are satisfied with him or not; he should never obey them.

The second Hadith:

 Abu Hurairah narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((It is not lawful for a lady to fast (Nawafil) without the permission of her husband when he is at home; and she should not allow anyone to enter his house except with his permission; and if she spends of his wealth (on charitable purposes) without being ordered by him, he will get half of the reward…))

[Agreed upon]

 Hence, when her husband is at home, the Muslim woman should never observe supererogatory fast without his permission. On the other hand, it is permissible for her to fast without his permission in his absence; if he is on a trip for example. Let’s ponder over the rest of this Hadith: The Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((…and she should not allow anyone to enter his house except with his permission.))

 It is not permissible for her to allow anyone to enter his house without his permission. For example, if he asks her not to allow her cousin to enter their house during his absence, which is of course prohibited in Islam (in order to avoid private seclusion with non-Mahram men), she should never let him enter the house in her husband’s absence claiming that her cousin has just come back after a travel and she fells embarrassed, and so she cannot not ask him not to enter the house. It is nonsense to say that. Actually, the husband is the leader of his family, so if he prevents his wife from doing something that displeases Allah the Almighty, she should obey him and keep away from it.

The third Hadith:

 Umm Salamah, may Allah be pleased with her, narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((Any woman dies while her husband is pleased with her, she will enter Jannah.))

[At-Tirmidhi]

 It is a reference to the righteous wife who pleases her husband by fulfilling her obligations to him completely, such as brining up her children properly, fulfilling his needs, caring for him, and creating an atmosphere of tranquility, calm, and peace at home, which helps him be a productive member in his society. In contrast, the one whose marital life is full of conflicts and quarrels and who spends the whole night arguing with his wife, will find it very difficult to concentrate on his tasks at work since he will be thinking all the time about his problems. Hence, the woman who creates an atmosphere of peace and tranquility at her home will get the same reward (from Allah the Almighty) as her husband. You know the saying that “Behind every great man there’s a great woman”, and I believe that behind every great man who performs righteous deeds and serves his society there is a righteous woman, because being productive requires enjoying peace of mind and tranquility in the daily life. Allah the Almighty says:

(He will guide them and set right their state.)

(Muhammad, 5)

 Who has created that atmosphere of tranquility, calm, and peace inside the home for the husband in order to become productive? It is the righteous wife. Whenever I read the dedication of the author that is written in the first page of his book, I feel deeply touched by his words, because most of the dedications start with “To my beloved wife…” Those authors are absolutely right since their wives are the ones who created that atmosphere of calm which enabled them to write their books. Had their life been full of quarrels and disputes, they would have never been able to write them. So, the successful couples live in peace, love, and mutual respect. The Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((Any woman dies while her husband is pleased with her, she will enter Jannah.))

 The problem most couples face is that their marriage is not based on the obedience to Allah the Almighty. In other words, if the wife aims to earn Allah’s Pleasure by being obedient to her husband, and if the husband aims to earn Allah’s Pleasure by being good and kind to his wife, they will have a blissful marriage. In other words, the spouses should be kind to one another even if one of them is not kind to the other, and even if one of the spouses does not deserve such a kind treatment, he should do that for the Sake of Allah Alone. However, if the husband treats his bad-mannered wife the way she deserves to be treated, or if the wife treats her bad-mannered husband the way he treats her, then quarrels and disputes break out. On the other hand, if both the husband and the wife make the intention to get closer to Allah by being good to each other, they will be granted marital bliss. Hence, when the marriage is based on the obedience to Allah the Almighty, the spouses will be blessed by being granted marital bliss success.

 Let me tell you something you may find irrelevant to the topic of our lecture today, but it is really important. When both the husband and wife lower their gaze, they will live in harmony with one another. In fact, when the husband lowers his gaze and refrains from looking at pretty non-Mahram women out of the fear of Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, he will be rewarded for that and his marriage will be blessed with lots of happiness and mutual love. Thus, when both spouses lower their gaze, they will be granted the marital bliss, which is really important. Allah the Almighty says:

(Tell the believing men to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts, etc.). That is purer for them…)

(An-Nur, 30)

 Whoever stares at non-Mahram women who expose their beauty for others thinking that there is no harm by doing so is mistaken, since Allah Who has created man orders him to lower his gaze for his own good. He says:

(That is more virtuous and purer for you)

(An-Nur, 30)

 This means it will help him feel more comfortable. Furthermore, he will be rewarded by Allah immediately, not after a period of time (after a month for example), but rather in the same day. So, the more you make every effort to lower your gaze, the more marital bliss you will get. Actually, enjoying marital bliss is really important since living a peaceful marital life will increase one’s productivity, while when one’s marriage is full of fights and quarrels, it will negatively affects his productivity at work. Thus, whoever treats his wife kindly is a person of great wisdom. Allah the Almighty says:

(And live with them honorably.)

(An-Nisa’, 19)

The forth Hadith:

 Consider the following Divine Command: Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, orders husbands to treat their wives kindly. He orders men to act kindly towards women and orphans. The Mother of the Believers Mrs. Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((The best of you is the one who is best to his wife, and I am the best of you to my wives.))

[At-Tirmidhi]

 He, peace be upon him, also said:

((Only an honorable man treats women with honor and integrity, and only a mean, deceitful and dishonest man humiliates and insults women. They defeat the noble man, but they are defeated by the ignorant one, and I would rather be a defeated noble man than a defeating ignorant one.))

[Mentioned in the tradition]

 This is what the true believer should do. The Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((If a woman dies while her husband is pleased with her, she will enter Jannah.))

 Many years ago, I attended a consolation ceremony in Al-Midan (which is a neighborhood and municipality in Damascus), the deceased was an 80-yearold woman, and her husband was 95 years old. He was crying bitterly, and when people tried to console him, he said, “I never slept feeling irritated with her during the whole 45 years I lived with her.” In sharp contrast to that, someone may tell you that he had never been pleased with his wife, even for one day in his life. Let me tell you this joke: once a husband and his wife, who used to quarrel a lot, agreed to quarrel one day and to have a rest on the other day, but even in the day off she used to annoy her husband by keep repeating, “Tomorrow we will have a quarrel” The Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((If a woman dies while her husband is pleased with her, she will enter Jannah))

The fifth Hadith:

 Abdul-Rahman Ibn Awf, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((If a woman observes her five daily prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadhan, guards her chastity and obeys her husband, she may enter Paradise through any of the gates she wishes.))

[Ahmad]

 Which means the wife’s obedience to her husband is almost equal to a quarter of her faith.

The sixth Hadith:

 Mu’adh Ibn Jabal, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((No woman annoys her husband but his wife among Al-Huril-Ain (of Paradise) says: ‘Do not annoy him, may Allah destroy you, for he is just a temporary guest with you and soon he will leave you and join us.))

[At-Tirmidhi]

A Muslim husband should never annoy his wife:

 None of the spouses should annoy one another. Actually, I find it really strange that some Muslim husbands intend to annoy their wives and vice versa! This odd situation contradicts the teachings of the Qur’an since Allah the Almighty says:

(And among His Signs is this, that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy…)

(Ar-Rum, 21)

 According to the teachings of Islam, marriage should be based on finding tranquility in one another, and showing love and mercy to each other. However, you may find some Muslim spouses who deliberately try to irritate each other, and the reason could be the wife’s female relatives or friends who advise her to do that. In fact, this is utmost foolishness, stupidity and heedlessness of Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He. Thus, it is not permissible for any women to irritate her husband, and it is not permissible to any husband to irritate his wife either, because this will definitely lead to quarrels and misunderstanding. Man should never let a minor dispute turn into a big deal.

Two precious pieces of advice for married couples

The first piece of advice:

 I would like to offer all my brothers in faith this piece of advice, please be realistic, and know that no marital life is problem free, because each one of the spouses has his own needs, and when these needs are not fulfilled, quarrels start. Actually, even the Prophet, peace be upon him, and the noble companions, may Allah be pleased with them had some marital problems.

(( Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the Prophet was with one of the Mothers of the Believers when another one sent a wooden bowl which contains some food. She struck the hand of the Prophet and the bowl fell and broke. The Prophet picked up the two pieces and put them together, and then he started to gather up the food and said, ‘Your mother got jealous; eat.’ So they ate. He waited until she brought the wooden bowl that was in her house, and then he gave the sound bowl to the messenger and left the broken bowl in the house of the one who had broken it.))

 In another narration, the Prophet, peace be upon him, was with one of the Mothers of the Believers when another one sent a plate in which there was some food. She intentionally broke it, then the Prophet, peace be upon him, blamed her for that. Also, it is reported that a man came to the Khalifah Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, to complain about his wife’s ill-temper. While he was waiting for Umar to come out of his house, he heard Umar’s wife scolding him and Umar quietly listening to her, and not answering her back, so that man decided to walk away. At that moment, Umar came out of his house and saw the man walking away. He called him and said, “What did you want from me, O man?” The man replied, “O Leader of the Believers, I came to complain to you about my wife’s bad-temper and how she nags me. Then I heard your wife doing the same to you!” Thus, having some marital problems is a normal part of life. However, both the husband and the wife should never annoy one another since that behavior contradicts the teachings of the Noble Qur’an.

The second piece of advice:

 Allah the Almighty says:

(…and turn them not out of their (husband’s) homes, nor shall they (themselves) leave,…)

 Unfortunately, when some little problems arise, some husbands force their wives to leave their homes. So, when the wife goes to her parent’s house, many of her female relatives such as her paternal aunt, her maternal aunt, her cousin, her sisters, etc.… may give her bad pieces of advice; they may say to her, “Why do you want to stay married to that bad husband? You deserve another man who is far better than him” Also, she will get extremely annoyed when her husband does not call her, and he will get extremely irritated because she never calls him either. Each one of them will be waiting for the other one to make that call. They will turn away from each other more and more till their marriage ends in divorce. It is much better for the husband to avoid forcing his wife to leave the home, because they will be able to solve their problem the next day! I firmly believe that the spouses can deal with the most difficult marital problem as long as the wife stays at her home, while if she leaves it and goes to her parents’ house, the marriage will mostly end in divorce, no matter how trivial their problem is.

 The wise father never lets his daughter leave her house if she has a problem with her husband, but rather he tries to solve their problem at the same day instead of encouraging her to get divorced, like what some parents do. Parents of As-Salaf As-Saleh (the righteous ancestors) used to make a certain plan against their daughter in order to persuade her to go back to her marital home if she had left it after having a quarrel with her husband. The first day her mother asked her for help in house work, the next day they ate cheap food, the third day parents pretended to have a serious marital problem in front of her, and so on till she found out that her marital house was far better than her parents’ house! In contrast, nowadays, some parents encourage their daughters to leave their husbands and to annoy them till their marriage end in divorce. Actually, this is one of the problems which arise within the Muslim community, and which are caused by utter ignorance of the teachings of Islam.

 Actually, some mothers want to dominate and control every aspect of their daughters’ life even after marriage, which turn their daughters’ life into Hell. How bad such mothers are! Usama Ibn Zaid narrated the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((…Then I stood at the gate of Paradise and saw that the majority of the people who entered it were the poor, while the wealthy were stopped at the gate (for the accounts). But the companions of the Fire were ordered to be taken to the Fire. Then I stood at the gate of the Fire and saw that the majority of those who entered it were women.”))

[Ahmad]

 Thus, one should be careful and should not let others interfere in his personal affairs.
 The Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((No woman annoys her husband in the world except that his wife among the Al-Huril-Ain said: ‘Do not annoy him, may Allah destroy you, he is only like a guest with, soon he will part from you for us.))

One of the noble companions said to his wife when she asked him to get her something he couldn’t afford, “O woman, know that Al-Huril-Ain (the women of Paradise) are so beautiful that if one of them were to look out over the earth, the light of her face would be brighter than the light of the sun and the moon. So I would rather sacrifice you for them than sacrifice them for you” ( he would never earn money illegally in order to fulfil all her wife’s needs).

 Such a woman should not be given more value than what she deserves, and she should not be allowed to violate others’ boundaries. Usama Ibn Zaid, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said:

((I have not left after me any trial more severe to men than women.))

[Muslim]

 Actually, Shaitan (Satan) uses women as a ploy to trap men into sinning; Shaitan lies in wait against human beings, and he uses many traps in order to mislead them, the best of which is women. Therefore, every Muslim should fear Allah the Almighty and keep away from doubtful matters.

Fighting Against Desires

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Fighting Against Desires

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of Creations, and Peace and blessings be upon our prophet Muhammad, the faithful and the honest.
 Oh, Allah, we know nothing but what You teach us. You are the All- Knower, the Wise. Oh Allah, teach us what is good for us, and benefit us from what You taught us, and increase our knowledge. Show us the righteous things as righteous and help us to do them, and show us the bad things as bad and help us to keep away from them.
  O Allah our Lord, lead us out from the depths of darkness and illusion, unto the lights of erudition and knowledge, and from the muddy shallows of lusts unto the heavens of Your Vicinity.

  Dear young brothers, the major problem which our youth have nowadays is fulfilling desires. In order to overcome our desires we should first understand them, discuss the nature of sin, and talk about repentance and the path which leads to it. 

First: Facts about Desire

 1 – Desire is the driving force that moves someone towards Allah the Almighty, and it is completely neutral in nature. It either elevates man to the highest degrees or brings him down to the lowest pits.

 2 – There is no deprivation in Islam, but rather there is self-control and order. Moreover, whatever desire Allah has instilled in man has lawful means through which it can be fulfilled. For instance, if man wants to make money, he can work, if he wants to have a relation with a woman, he can get married and if he wants to have a sublime position, he acts upon Allah’s Order and treats His creations kindly.

 3 – Because of desires we are spiritually uplifted in Allah’s Sight twice; first, because we remain patient (in case the desire is not fulfilled) and second because we are grateful to Him (for helping us fulfill our desires lawfully).

Second: Facts about Sinning

 1 – To get rid of sinning, one should first address its causes. Like diseases which have symptoms, sins are the symptoms of one disease; it is being away from Almighty Allah.

  2 – Never tell people about your sins unless you know for certain that they can help you get rid of them. Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessing be upon him, said:

“All of my Ummah will be pardoned except for the Mujahirun (those who commit a sin openly or disclose their sins to the people). An example of such disclosure is that a person commits a sin at night and though Allah screens it from the public, he comes in the morning, and says, ‘O so-and-so, I did such-and-such (evil) deed yesterday’.

 3 – Beware, beware from misleading someone and involving him with you in committing a sin, because after you repent to Allah, you will never forgive yourself for the harm you do to him.

Third: Facts about Repentance

 1 – There is no sin from which you cannot repent, no matter how grave it may seem to you. Allah the Almighty says:

(verily Allah forgives all sins).

[Az-Zumar: 53]

 2 – Keep in mind that Allah the Almighty in His Highness is pleased with your repentance. Also, He orders you to repent only to accept your repentance.

Fourth: Stages of Fighting against Desire

 1 – Be honest with yourself in solitude and analyze the reasons behind the sins that you commit.

 2 – Do not call sins names other than their real ones, and be honest and frank with yourself.

 3 – Take an honest, sincere and determined decision that you will not commit the sin again, and be remorseful for the sins you have committed. Know that (when you turn beck to Allah) “a caller calls those in the heavens and the earth, at the moment of sincere repentance saying, “congratulate this man for he has reconciled with Allah” Also, know that Allah will be pleased with your repentance, so rejoice this moment as if it were a real Eid.

  4 – Make Du’a to Allah and ask Him sincerely with regretful tears to accept your repentance, let this be during the night, for it is the season of all repentant. Say to Him, “O Allah, I am weak”, confess your sins in whatever language you wish without putting barriers between Allah and you and ask Him to help while you deeply believe that He will hear and answer your Du’a.

 5 – If your sin is associated with a particular time or place, keep yourself busy at that time or in that place with an act of worship you like to perform. Stay away from the place where you used to commit the sin, and if it is connected with someone, stop befriending him before he causes your destruction.

  6- Undoubtedly, your nafs (ownself) will tempt you to commit the sin once again. Therefore, you should do the following:

 A – Discipline it with denial and resistance.

 B – Certainly, one day Allah blessed you whether by an evident heartfelt presence or a worldly bounty, so remember that day before committing whatever displeases Allah and be modest to Him Who blessed you. You will be ashamed of yourself if you displease whoever is kind to you, so how will you feel before al-Wahid (the One), Ad-Dayan (the Judge). Allah says:

(And make them remember the annals of Allah.)

[Ibrahim: 5]

 C – Surely, you are impressed when you listen to a certain Noble Ayah you recited, or it is recited by a reciter, or when you listen to a meaningful chant. Thus, keep the recorder in which you recorded the Noble Ayah or the chant you prefer at hand, so that you can listen to it whenever your nafs provokes you to sin.

 D – When your nafs drives you to commit a sin, never surrender to it even in the early stages of the sin, because it will be difficult to step back and leave the successive stages of it. It is easy to quit the sin in the beginning. Allah says:

(And follow not the footsteps of Shaitan (Satan).)

[Al-Baqarah: 168]

 7 – Do not postpone repentance or say “I will repent in the future”, for procrastination is one of the soldiers of Satan. Besides, how do you know that you will live until you repent?

  8 – When Allah accepts your repentance, and you no more have the inclination towards the sin insha’ Allah, which is the result of constant struggle, do not be proud of yourself, but rather be grateful to Allah for His Favor (He helps you repent and quit sinning).

 

Translation  : Dina El-Odessy
Edited by      : Kawthar Hajj Saleh

What changed for the market while you were sleeping? 12 things you should know

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A list of important headlines from across news agencies that could help in your trade today.

Sandip Das@Im_Sandip1

The Nifty50 which started with a small gap on the higher side build the momentum to reclaim its crucial resistance level of 10,600 but last hour of sell-off pulled the index towards 10,550 making a small bullish candle on the daily candlestick charts.

The index witnessed some selling pressure around its 50-day exponential moving average and 5-DEMA which are placed around 10,614 levels. The trend might have just tilted towards the bulls as long as it holds 10,276 levels and the next target is placed around 10,700.

According to Pivot charts, the key support level is placed at 10,491.6, followed by 10,406.4. If the index starts to move higher, key resistance levels to watch out are 10,649.9 and 10,723.

The Nifty Bank closed at 25,920.65, up 0.98 percent. Important Pivot level, which will act as crucial support for the index, is placed at 25,663.27, followed by 25,405.83. On the upside, key resistance levels are placed at 26,152.27, followed by 26,383.83.

Stay tuned to Moneycontrol to find out what happens in currency and equity markets today. We have collated a list of important headlines from across news agencies.

Wall Street plummets 4%

US stocks plunged around 4 percent on Thursday in another dramatic session, confirming a correction that has thrown the market’s nearly nine-year bull run off course.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1,032.89 points, or 4.15 percent, to 23,860.46, the S&P 500 lost 100.66 points, or 3.75 percent, to 2,581 and the Nasdaq Composite dropped 274.83 points, or 3.9 percent, to 6,777.16, Reuters reported.

Asian stocks slide; Nikkei loses about 3%

Asian shares took a tumble early on Friday, taking cues from US indexes which extended sharp losses in the last session. Japan’s Nikkei 225 fell 2.95 percent in early trade, with losses seen in most sectors. The Kospi lost 2.16 percent, with most sectors trading in negative territory, CNBC reported.

Also ReadTrade setup for Friday: Top 15 things you should know before Opening Bell

SGX Nifty

Trends on SGX Nifty indicate a negative opening for the broader index in India, a fall of 205 points or 1.95 percent. Nifty futures were trading around 10,355-level on the Singaporean Exchange.

Rs 12K-cr relief for salaried class, senior citizens in Budget: FM

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said the Budget has given Rs 12,000 crore benefits to salaried class and senior citizens and also defended the long-term capital gains tax on equities, saying this government knows how to “bite the bullet.”

“The total cost of relief to salaried class is Rs 8,000 crore, to the pensioners and senior citizens it was Rs 4,000 crore. Even in challenging times to give Rs 12,000 crore relief was demanding and yet I have kept the tradition of the last four budgets,” he said.

Loan stress to peak at 12.7%; mid-sized loans of Rs 1 lakh crore may turn NPAs over 12-18 months: Report

The impaired or stressed assets are expected to peak at 12.7 percent by FY19-FY20 while credit costs are set to witness an extended recovery period due to aging of a large stock of NPAs added over the last four quarters, said India Ratings and Research.

The bank credit as on September end stood at Rs 72,06,800 crore, of which 1.6 percent is Rs 1,15,308.8 crore, as per Reserve Bank of India data.

SBI may post Q3 profit at Rs 2,508 cr

State Bank of India is likely to turn profitable with Q3 net at Rs 2,507.6 crore against net loss of Rs 560 crore in year-ago. Net interest income, the difference between interest earned and interest expended, may grow 5.5 percent to Rs 19,088.7 crore for quarter ended December 2017 compared to Rs 18,094.7 crore in same quarter last year, according to average of estimates of analysts polled by CNBC-TV18.

Gold hits 4-week low on firmer dollar

Gold prices dropped for a third straight session on Thursday and hit a fresh four-week low, as investors liquidated their long positions on a firmer dollar, while expectations of more US rate hikes this year also weighed on the market.

Spot gold was down 0.4 percent at USD 1,312.41 per ounce as of 0755 GMT, after hitting its lowest since Jan. 10 at USD 1,309.51 earlier in the session, Reuters reported.

SEBI imposes Rs 18 lakh penalty on Metkore Alloys, 3 others

SEBI imposed a total penalty of Rs 18 lakh on Metkore Alloys & Industries, its promoter Prashant Boorugu and two others for disclosure lapses. The other two are Cronimet Mercon Invest (an erstwhile promoter of Metkore) and Bhuma Infrastructure.

Fine Organic Industries files IPO papers with SEBI

Fine Organic Industries filed draft papers with markets regulator SEBI to float an initial public offering. The initial public offer (IPO) will see sale of up to 76,64,994 equity shares by the existing shareholders, according to the draft prospectus filed with SEBI.

JM Financial and Edelweiss Financial Service will manage the company’s public issue. The equity shares are proposed to be listed on BSE and NSE.

Twitter hits a milestone with first-ever profit

Twitter reported its first-ever quarterly profit, in a key milestone for the social network which has been lagging for years against fast-growing rivals. It earned USD 91 million in the fourth quarter, the first positive net income since going public in 2013.

Revenue was up two percent from a year ago to a better- than-expected USD 732 million, AFP reported.

CCI slaps Rs 136 crore fine on Google

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) imposed a fine of Rs 136 crore on search engine major Google for unfair business practices in the Indian market for online search.

It was alleged that Google is indulging in abuse of dominant position in the market for online search through practices leading to search bias and search manipulation, among others.

262 companies are scheduled to report Q3 results today

As many as 262 companies are likely to report Q3 numbers today including Alkem Laboratories, Apex Frozen, Avanti Feeds, Bank of Baroda, Bata India, BPCL, GSFC, HPCL, India Cements, Kitex Garments, M&M, Marico, Max Financial Services, Mahanagar Gas, MOIL, NALCO, Oil India, State Bank of India, SJVN, Sobha Ltd, Sun TV, Suzlon Energy, Syndicate Bank, Tata Steel, UCO Bank etc. among others.