The blockchain is seen by some people as a revolutionary or disruptive development in the field of financial technology today. For some people in this industry, these digital ledgers are viewed as a gateway or foundation to more innovations in the field. While the consensus is still out on what this recordkeeping system means in the world of Fintech, there is no denying that it helped in the rise of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies by providing a tamper-free and safe environment for viewing and tracking transactions. This type of technology is certainly a far cry from your average neighborhood bookkeeper or accountant. The question is, how does blockchain factor in our existing laws and affect liability in general?
What is blockchain and how does it work?
According to Don and Alex Tapscott, authors of Blockchain Revolution, the blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions. Invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, this next-generation database can be used to record not only cryptocurrency and other financial transactions but also anything that has value. This means anything from a latest mobile purchase, a free voucher or electronic coupon, or even a property contract can be placed in a blockchain. At the moment, however, blockchains are mainly used for keeping and tracking cryptocurrency transactions, especially Bitcoin.
A blockchain works by holding information under a decentralized database managed autonomously by a peer-to-peer (p2p) network. But before comparing it to other file-sharing predecessors such as Napster or present-day cloud servers, the data or transactions stored in a blockchain is secured by cryptography and requires prior approval from the majority of the blockchain network. These details cannot be retroactively changed without the network’s consent and changing other blockchains that followed it. In addition, this digital database regularly updates on its own and may either be available for public viewing and distribution or setup privately via the intranet.
What do blockchains mean for legal liability?
Unlike traditional ledgers and databases, blockchain networks for Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies can go beyond the boundaries set by legal jurisdictions because servers for this digital ledger can be based anywhere. In case of a fraudulent or erroneous transaction, identifying its location within the blockchain could be a challenge. Therefore, it can be tricky figuring out which laws to enforce or implement when dealing with this technology.
Blockchain, despite its advantages, can also be used as tools to make criminal activities harder to track down due to the anonymity provided to its users. There are also worries that irregular transactions might eventually make it to these digital ledgers due to possible loopholes in the network approval process such as the 51% attack, raising questions on information security as well. Other legal issues worth considering before dealing with blockchain technology include data privacy, intellectual property issues, and smart contracts.
Blockchain can potentially be an integral part of a business; however, it can also expose businesses to more risks that they have not encountered before. A firm’s successful adoption of any new technology depends on its ability to manage the risks that come with that new technology; therefore, a company must establish strong governance, risk management strategies, and frameworks of control.
Since its development in 2009, cryptocurrency has been in the financial space as both a threat and an innovation to the business and economic scene. Budget investors have been swayed by the virtual monetary device that offers anonymity, easy international transactions, and feasibility as an investment instrument.
Its familiarity has bred numerous investors in the market. Their rising number has now been converted to the increased value of crypto coins and the addition of shops that credit virtual currency as payment.
Top Cryptocurrencies
Websites such as CoinMarketCap track cryptocurrencies that are hitting the market and show their current value in dollars. Among the top cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.
Bitcoin (BTC). It remains to be the most popular form of cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin price is at $6,573.69 per coin. Bitcoin’s decentralized nature paved the way for more cryptocurrencies to enter the market. It continues to be on top of the list of the best cryptocurrencies, not only because of its pioneer identity but also because of its increasing market cap in the virtual financial world.
Ethereum (ETC). Bitcoin’s second closest cryptocurrency competitor, Ethereum, lingers at $506.94 per coin and it prides itself in the processing of smart contracts. This cryptocurrency started out as a tool to monetize applications in the Ethereum network. Budget investors are urged to look into its ability to allow the creation of distributed applications without interference from another party. The ETC is also popular among initial coin offerings (ICOs), an aid for startup crypto junkies.
Litecoin (LTC). Often considered as Bitcoin’s clone, Litecoin is at $98.07 per coin. Familiarity is one of the assets that Litecoin has to offer to its investors since it is one of the oldest cryptocurrencies in the market. Since 2011, its fast transaction speed and close connection to Bitcoin continue to be its premium quality.
Cheapest Cryptocurrencies
For budget investors, here are a few of the cheapest cryptocurrencies in the market now:
Bitshare (BTS), currently trading at $0.086510, with an all-time high of $0.40.
Lykke (LKK), trading at $0.36, with an expected price of $1.50 to $2.3.
Verge (XVG), recommended for long-term portfolio addition as it trades at $0.006560.
Digibyte (DGB), trading at $0.008941 with its highest point being $0.06
Investors themselves must also take necessary precautions before investing in cryptocurrency. For starters, investors should research the concept of the blockchain, which serves as the facilitator for the financial transactions involving cryptocurrency. Transactions could revolve around financial contracts, real estate deeds, personal identification, bank transfers, and also insurance. After doing the necessary research on the blockchain, investors should also be mindful of ICOs. This type of networked funding, which is usually done to gather capital for startup companies, often turns out as fraudulent. Investors should take the time to know where they put their coins as one of the cryptocurrency’s disadvantages is its confusing nature. Its popularity often sways newbies into thinking that unrealistic amounts of money can be obtained in just a short investment span.
Cryptocurrency, especially Bitcoin, continues to rise in popularity despite its value’s volatility recently; and if you are looking to use bitcoin to pay for things, you have to take due diligence in knowing how to do it, where you can spend, buy, or earn bitcoins, and what the risks and advantages are.
How do you pay with bitcoin?
First, you need a bitcoin wallet. There are free bitcoin wallets available for smartphones and all major operating systems. Just like with a physical wallet, you must always secure it – this means being careful with online services, putting backup and encryption, and putting just small amounts in it for everyday use.
A very common use for bitcoin is for online purchases. Today, there are hundreds of retailers and online shops – even local businesses – that accept bitcoins. Bitcoin can be used to purchase gift cards, videogames, household items; you can also use it in tipping and donating to charity. There are different ways to pay using your bitcoin. You can pay using your wallet or app, via QR code, or pay directly to a bitcoin address. Making a blockchain payment is fast and convenient – and you do not need to key in sensitive information when making a payment.
What are the advantages?
Anonymity. Your purchases are discrete with bitcoin, which means they are never associated with your personal identity. In fact, the bitcoin address generated is different for every purchase you make.
Low Transaction Fees. Since there is still no government involvement in bitcoin transactions at this point, the costs of transacting are very low.
Mobile. Since paying with bitcoin can be done using an app on your mobile phone, you can pay for our purchases anywhere you are as long as you have internet access.
No interruptions. Since the bitcoin system is purely peer-to-peer, it is void of involvement of banks, financial institutions, and the government.
No Sales Taxes. One major advantage of paying with bitcoin is that no sales taxes are added in your purchases since there are no third parties identify or track them.
What are the risks?
One thing that you need to understand is that bitcoin, no matter how popular it has become at this point, is still experimental. Getting into bitcoin now can mean that you have to deal with the growing pains as it still at the stage in which it is still improving and such improvements may bring about new challenges.
Bitcoin price very volatile. You should look at bitcoin as a high risk asset and you must not keep your savings with bitcoin at this point.
You must adopt good practices in protecting your privacy as bitcoin is not entirely anonymous. Your identity behind the bitcoin address you’re using may be anonymous, but transactions and balances in your address can be seen by anyone.
Bitcoin payments cannot be reversed, so only transact with people you trust and business that have already established their reputation. Beware of scams, fake ICOS, and fraudulent activities.
Bitcoin has taken the world by storm, and since its introduction in 2008, it has inevitably faced several controversies. Scammers found a gold mine in the digital currency for many reasons. One of them is the fact that only a few people understand it, which makes it easier to make them believe false promises. Another reason is anonymity – cryptocurrency gives scammers relative ease to cover their tracks. Lastly, a major reason is that it is largely unregulated. Bitcoin chiefly operates outside of the conventions of a financial system; and this worries regulators as it has the potential to be linked to money laundering, tax evasion, fraud, and terrorist funding.
What are the most common bitcoin scams and how do you spot them?
Fake Bitcoin Exchanges. One popular example for these would be South Korea’s BitKRX, which posed to be a branch of the country’s Korean Exchange (KRX) and claimed to be a platform to exchange and trade bitcoin. Ultimately, it turned out to be fraudulent. There are also those that pretend to be connected with well-known exchanges using apps or fake websites; users are scammed when they log in and their account details are given away. When you are directed to a website, make sure that the URL has “HTTPS” rather than just “HTTP.” Without the letter S, it means that the web traffic has no security and encryption.
Ponzi Scams. Someone promises an incredible return of investment using bitcoin and a lot of people buy in it. Before you know it, someone runs off with all of your money. That’s basically how Ponzi schemes work. At first, victims will be made to believe that it actually works – say, the digits in their bank account are increasing. This will also make them talk about its “success” and convince others to join in. Eventually, calls to the customer service are unanswered, there are technical problems with the website, or the money will be remitted late – among several excuses while your money disappears for good. If you see ads that sound like, “double your bitcoin overnight,” they’re probably scams. How it usually works is you have to send them your money first before they can double it.
Pyramid Schemes. Scammers use bitcoin as a product in pyramid scams. In these schemes, your low initial investment will be multiplied if you invite more people to sign up. After a lot of people have invested their money, the original scammer walks away with all the money.
Malware. Hackers have long been using malware in order to get a hold of other people’s login credentials and account details. Now, it’s being used to drain Bitcoin wallets that are connected to the Internet.
How do you avoid falling into these scams?
If the offer is too good to be true, stay away from it.
Be vigilant on social media – legitimate bitcoin traders and brokers can be victims of poser accounts or impersonators.
Never conduct financial transactions via direct messages on social media platforms.
Do your homework and research on services and platforms you encounter; verify their claims and check their legitimacy or whether they are a registered corporation or not.
Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are gaining more attention as days pass. Aside from the advantages that cryptocurrencies have like anonymity and easy international transactions, people are enticed by the fact that it can become a good investment. Apart from trading bitcoins for cash, you can also use bitcoins to buy gift cards, book flights, and hotels, buy furniture, or even buy real estate properties. Bitcoin purchases are not taxed at the moment since there is no way for third parties to identify, track, or intercept transactions that use bitcoins. Transaction fees are considerably lower as well compared to credit card transactions or services like Paypal.
Although there are many advantages in using bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies, just like any other investments, you should always be careful with your transactions. Since cryptocurrency is not regulated, many unscrupulous people have taken advantage of this and incidents of fraudulent cryptocurrencies, and other types of scam related to cryptocurrency have happened. One example of this is Prodeum, a cryptocurrency start-up that scammed its investors in just one weekend.
Because of these scams, law firms have now been involved in helping the victims. Cryptocurrency litigation has now become something that some lawyers specialize in. There are a lot of factors to consider when a cryptocurrency dispute arises. Aside from fraudulent Initial Coin Offering (ICO), lawyers could get involved if the cryptocurrency was used to launder money or hide assets; they could also get involved when there is an issue with the company, commercial, or intellectual property laws being violated in relation to cryptocurrency.
Here are some things that you can do as a cryptocurrency user to avoid being scammed:
1. Research. – Just like with any other investments that you will make, research is essential. When investing in an ICO, make sure to read and dissect their white papers to ensure that you’re working with reliable people. Take time to research the people behind the ICO, their whole team, board members, and other investors. It’s vital for you to learn as much as you can about the company before investing so that there will be no unpleasant surprises.
2. Be vigilant. – Cryptocurrency is still primarily bought and sold at exchanges. Because cryptocurrency is something new and the fuss around it is its value, many people get scammed by the promise of unrealistic prices. If an exchange promises incredible discounts or offers that seem too good to be true, it probably is. Another thing that you can do to avoid bitcoin exchange scams is to check the exchange’s URL. If a website’s address starts with HTTPS instead of just HTTP, that means that the traffic is encrypted and therefore has more protection.
3. Only use trusted sources. – Hardware wallet is a physical device that stores your private keys. Hardware wallets offer more protection from hacking since there is no way for hackers to access them when you’re not online. However, hackers have now found a way around that. Some hackers sell hardware wallets that have a backdoor for them to access all your cryptocurrency and the best way to avoid this is only to accept hardware wallets from trusted sources.
Sources: This article was originally published at Hoganinjury.com
eSight is an amazing technological breakthrough – electronic glasses that let the legally blind actually see.
It is the only clinically validated device, in existence, that enables those living with vision loss to see, be mobile, and engage in virtually any Activity of Daily Living.
This device is worn like a normal pair of glasses, and, remarkably, restores sight for someone who is visually impaired.
Most importantly, eSight requires no surgery. Almost instantly after putting them on, an individual with legal blindness or low vision can see in virtually the same manner as someone who is fully sighted. eSight is registered with the FDA and EUDAMED, and is inspected by Health Canada. It is also the only clinically validated wearable technology of its kind.
Neuroscientist Sheila Nirenberg received a MacArthur Genius Award for figuring out, for the first time ever, how our retinas take images from the outside world and turn them into a neural “code” that the brain can understand. It started as a pure research project, but now she’s building the code into a device that could bring sight to the blind.
How does this revolutionary technology actually work?
After putting the electronic glasses on, eSight allows the wearer to see, almost instantly and in beautiful clarity.
In the most simplistic sense, eSight works in three steps. The high speed, high-resolution camera in the center of the device captures what a user is looking at in real time. This video feed is sent into a powerful computer in the housing of the glasses and is enhanced using proprietary algorithms. The feed is then projected in colour on the two near-to-eye OLED screens with unprecedented clarity and virtually no latency or delay.
eSighters can then optimize what they are looking at by using the remote to adjust the color, contrast, focus, brightness and magnification (24x) features. Not only does eSight let wearers actually see, but it also allows them to be truly mobile using the patented Bioptic Tilt Capability. eSighters can tilt the eyewear device to the ideal position for them that can allow the best view of the video feed while maximizing their natural peripheral vision. This, along with short latency, ensures that the eSighter’s balance is not disturbed and no nausea occurs – a common problem faced with immersive technologies such as virtual reality headsets.
Another fun feature about eSight, is it allows individuals to take pictures, and stream video and games by plugging into a laptop, TV or tablet with an HDMI cable, or connecting with Bluetooth or WiFi. That way, whether it is streaming a favourite series at home, taking pictures of notes on the classroom board, or whipping through emails at the office, our eSighters can always be connected.
Who does eSight work for?
eSight works for the overwhelming majority of individuals with vision loss.
Today, our current eSighters live with a variety of conditions, including (but not limited to): Aniridia, Cataracts, Coloboma, Cone-Rod Dystrophy, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Ocular Albinism, Macular Degeneration, Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP), Stargardt’s Disease, Optic Neuritis, Retinal Detachment, and many more.
According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 253 million people in the world who are blind. Less than 15% of this population are profoundly or totally blind. Unfortunately, eSight cannot currently help these individuals. However, eSight can work for most of the remaining 85% of this population.
All of our eSighters come from a variety of walks of life. Our youngest user is four years old, and our oldest user is 101 years old. We are also proud to say that our eSighters are spread across over 42 different countries around the world, and counting.
Although all of our eSighters are different, they are united by their fundamental right to see; and eSight is dedicated to making that possible.
What can I do with eSight?
The short answer: virtually anything.
Not only does eSight enable people with vision loss to actually see, but it also restores their independence, confidence, self-esteem and freedom. With eSight, individuals can do almost anything they have only ever dreamt of with their newly restored sight.
With eSight, individuals can participate in virtually all Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Here are a couple of things that some of our eSighters have been up to:
Seeing the faces of loved ones, in some cases for the first time
Excelling in school and university from being able to see the board from anywhere in the classroom
Plugging into their laptop to work directly from their eSight screens
Catching up on their favourite TV shows
Reading endless amounts of books
Traveling alone to some of the places on their bucket list
Being able to go back to work to help support their family
Watching their favorite sport teams
Pursuing their love of painting, drawing and sketching
Cooking meals for themselves and their loved ones
Going for a walk by themselves
Playing sports with their friends and family
Picking up previously abandoned hobbies (cards, woodworking, etc.)
If you’re going through a stressful period in your life, it can have a huge impact on both your mental and physical health. Being stressed can lower your immunity, making you more susceptible to bacteria and viruses.
What’s chronic stress?
If you’ve been stressed for a long period of time, you have what’s known as chronic stress. As well as affecting your immune system it can lead to depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, sleep problems and increase your chances of suffering from a heart attack or stroke.
Stress and your immune system
Having chronic stress can result in you developing inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. When stressed, your body produces more of the hormone cortisol which can cause your body to struggle to regulate its inflammatory response and attack itself.
Your immune system will be further impaired by your body not producing enough lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are a vital part of your immune system as they fight off bacteria and viruses. Digestion is also impaired whilst you’re stressed and this can lead to gastric ulcers.
How to reduce your stress levels
There are lots of reasons why you might be feeling stressed. It could be that you’ve got a stressful job, you’re the main carer for a sick relative, you’ve got money problems or you’ve been simply doing too much. It’s important to recognise what’s causing you stress and try to tackle it if you can. You might benefit from taking a relaxation course, getting advice from a professional or finding a friend you can confide in. For the sake of your health, you need to take action.
What the Research Shows
Stressed out? Lonely or depressed? Don’t be surprised if you come down with something. Psychologists in the field of “psychoneuroimmunology” have shown that state of mind affects one’s state of health.
In the early 1980s, psychologist Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, and immunologist Ronald Glaser, PhD, of the Ohio State University College of Medicine, were intrigued by animal studies that linked stress and infection. From 1982 through 1992, these pioneer researchers studied medical students. Among other things, they found that the students’ immunity went down every year under the simple stress of the three-day exam period. Test takers had fewer natural killer cells, which fight tumors and viral infections. They almost stopped producing immunity-boosting gamma interferon and infection-fighting T-cells responded only weakly to test-tube stimulation.
Those findings opened the floodgates of research. By 2004, Suzanne Segerstrom, PhD, of the University of Kentucky, and Gregory Miller, PhD, of the University of British Columbia, had nearly 300 studies on stress and health to review. Their meta-analysis discerned intriguing patterns. Lab studies that stressed people for a few minutes found a burst of one type of “first responder” activity mixed with other signs of weakening. For stress of any significant duration – from a few days to a few months or years, as happens in real life – all aspects of immunity went downhill. Thus long-term or chronic stress, through too much wear and tear, can ravage the immune system.
The meta-analysis also revealed that people who are older or already sick are more prone to stress-related immune changes. For example, a 2002 study by Lyanne McGuire, PhD, of John Hopkins School of Medicine with Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser reported that even chronic, sub-clinical mild depression may suppress an older person’s immune system. Participants in the study were in their early 70s and caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease. Those with chronic mild depression had weaker lymphocyte-T cell responses to two mitogens, which model how the body responds to viruses and bacteria. The immune response was down even 18 months later, and immunity declined with age. In line with the 2004 meta-analysis, it appeared that the key immune factor was duration, not severity, of depression. And in the case of the older caregivers, their depression and age meant a double-whammy for immunity.
The researchers noted that lack of social support has been reported in the research as a risk factor for depression, an insight amplified in a 2005 study of college students. Health psychologists Sarah Pressman, PhD, Sheldon Cohen, PhD, and fellow researchers at Carnegie Mellon University’s Laboratory for the Study of Stress, Immunity and Disease, found that social isolation and feelings of loneliness each independently weakened first-year students’ immunity.
In the study, students got flu shots at the university health center, described their social networks, and kept track of their day-to-day feelings using a handheld computer (a new technique called “momentary ecological awareness”). They also provided saliva samples for measuring levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Small networks and loneliness each independently weakened immunity to a core vaccine component. Immune response was most weakened by the combination of loneliness and small social networks, an obvious health stress facing shy new students who have yet to build their friendship circles.
What the Research Means
Emerging evidence is tracing the pathways of the mind-body interaction. For example, as seen with the college students, chronic feelings of loneliness can help to predict health status — perhaps because lonely people have more psychological stress or experience it more intensely and that stress in turn tamps down immunity. It’s also no surprise that depression hurts immunity; it’s also linked to other physical problems such as heart disease. At the same time, depression may both reflect a lack of social support and/or cause someone to withdraw from social ties. Both can be stressful and hurt the body’s ability to fight infection.
All of these findings extend what we know about how stress management and interpersonal relationships can benefit day-to-day health, doing everything from helping us combat the common cold to speeding healing after surgery. The research is in synch with anecdotal reports of how people get sick in stressful times, but understanding exactly howpsychology affects biology helps scientists to recommend the best ways we can build up immunity.
How We Use the Research
Managing stress, especially chronic or long-term stress (even if it’s not intense), may help people to fight germs. When burdened with long-term stressors, such as caring for an elderly parent or spouse with dementia, health can benefit from conscientious stress management.
Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser confirmed this hopeful option by comparing the immune function of exam-stressed medical students given hypnosis and relaxation training with that of students without training. At first, the immune responses of the two groups appeared to both go down. However, closer inspection revealed that some students took this exercise more seriously than others. Those who didn’t take relaxation training seriously didn’t fare so well; those who practiced conscientiously did actually have significantly better immune function during exams than students who practiced erratically or not at all.
Finally, the newest findings on social stress underscore the value of good friends; even just a few close friends can help someone feel connected and stay strong. Social ties may indirectly strengthen immunity because friends – at least health-minded friends — can encourage good health behaviors such as eating, sleeping and exercising well. Good friends also help to buffer the stress of negative events.
For long, women were not supposed to have as much share in property as men had. Property rights of women in India remained largely an ignored and unaddressed issue. Till about twelve years ago –specifically, year 2005 -women stood to lose on account of their being daughters/wives/daughters-in-law. In September 2005, the courts declared that Indian women would have a right to a share in property just like a man of the family did.
While it is tough to put in brief the minute details of how property rights of women in India effectively stand, below is an attempt to give a glimpse of the same. The status of a woman in terms of relationships has been further analysed in terms of the major law categories.
Daughters
Hindu Law,
The daughters now have equal right of inheritance to their father’s estate as sons.
The daughters have a right to receive a share in mother’s property.
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 removes discriminatory gender that was in the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 and now it gives the various rights to the daughters that are as follows:
In the context of coparcener, the daughter will
have same rights as the son
have to bear the same liability in the property as the son
be allotted the same share as to the son
The married daughter does not have the right to ask for maintenance or to shelter in her parent’s home
But if the married daughter is deserted, widowed or divorced she has the right of residence
A female has all the rights on any property that she has been gifted or has earned it, or that has been willed to her, that too if she has achieved a majority. She can dispose of the property by selling, gifting or willing to others as she deems fit.
Muslim Law,
The daughters have right of inheritance equal to one-half of the son’s share to their father’s estate.
She has full control over her share of property and has the legal right to control, manage and dispose of her share as per her wishes in life or after death.
The daughter can receive gifts from those whom she may inherit property, but it doesn’t take away her claim as per the inheritance laws.
The daughter has the right of residence in her parent’s home and to ask for support until she gets married.
If the married daughter gets divorced, the maintenance charges fall on her parents after the iddat period which is approximately three months but if she has kids who can support her then it is their duty to do so.
Christian Law,
The daughters inherit equally with any brothers in her father’s or mother’s estate.
The daughter has the right to shelter and maintenance till she gets married from her parents, but she cannot ask for it after her marriage.
She has all rights to her personal property, upon accomplishing majority. Until this happens, her father is her natural guardian.
Wives
Hindu Law,
A married woman has full right over her property and is the sole owner whether it is gifted, inherited or earned by her.
She has the right to gift it to anyone whether in parts or as a whole.
The married woman has the right to maintenance and shelter from her husband.
If the husband is a part of a joint family, she has the right to shelter and maintenance from the family.
In the case of partition of a joint family property (between her husband and his sons), the wife has the right to a share equal to as any other person.
When her husband dies, she has the right to an equal share of his part, jointly with her children and his mother.
Muslim Law,
The wife has the right to maintenance as any other wife, if any, and to take action against her husband if he discriminates against her.
She has the right to maintain her control over her personal property and goods.
The wife in case of divorce has the right that the husband makes fair and reasonable provision for her future which includes her maintenance.
The wife has the right to mehr’ as per terms of contract accepted at the time of the wedding.
She has the right to inheritance to the extent of one-fourth when there are no kids and if there are kids then to the extent of one-eighth.
Christian Law,
The wife has the right to receive maintenance from her husband, and if he doesn’t do so, she has the right to ask for the divorce.
The wife upon the death of her husband has the right to receive a one-third share of his estate, and the rest is divided among his children equally.
Mothers
Hindu Law,
The mother has the right to receive maintenance from her children who can support her. She is a part of Class I heir of Inheritance Law.
In the case of Joint Family, the widowed mother has the right to take the share equal to the share of her son.
She has the right to dispose of her property by sale, gift or will as she may choose.
If the mother dies intestate, her estate will be distributed among her children equally despite their sex.
Muslim Law,
If the mother is widowed or she gets divorced, she has the right to receive maintenance from her children.
She has the right to inherit a one-sixth share of her deceased child’s property.
The mother’s property will be divided as per the rules of Muslim law.
Christian Law,
The mother doesn’t have the right to receive maintenance from her children.
She may inherit one-fourth of her children’s property if her kids die without a spouse or any living child.
